Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Kallipolis: the City of the Ideal

Around the time of 380 BCE, a philosopher by the name of Plato wrote one of his most famous works: The Republic. Within the text of this dialogue, Socrates and his fellow conversationalists discuss a morally and socially sensitive issue: what, per se, is justice? Throughout the work, there were several definitions ranging from â€Å"the power of the strong† to â€Å"rewarding good and punishing evil. † To help bring clarity to their discussions, Socrates proposes that in order to discover justice as a concept, they must apply it holistically as opposed to an individualistic, circumstantial criteria.In order to accomplish this, the group imagines what the ideal city would be like. In this ideal place, there would be three classes of people (producers, auxiliaries, and guardians) which would told they have have a corresponding metal which makes up their soul. Bronze for the producers, silver for the auxiliaries, and gold for the guardians. Each class would be determined b y individual merit in accordance with what tasks they best perform. For example, if a man is best at digging ditches he will dig ditches for the rest of his life.Additionally, the members of one class can only produce children with members of the same class. The citizens of this city (a total of around 30,000 individuals) would all share wealth, food, and shelter communally. Several core virtues such as wisdom (through the guardians), courage (through the auxiliaries), and moderation (through all classes dwelling together peacefully) will be emphasized to help preserve justice. Socrates emphasizes that the goal is to make a city as good as possible so that the populace is as content as possible.The end-goal is not just to make one person as happy as possible. As a pupil of Socrates, Plato's construction of this ideal city, named Kallipolis, was much more than hypothesizing about mortar and stone. For Plato, Kallipolis was meant to reflect two drastically different things on two tota lly different levels. On the baser level, Kallipolis' inclusion of human virtues just as justice and moderation mirrors the individual. On the other side, Kallipolis also represents the entirety of the cosmos with its realm of infinite possibly and wondrous ideals.To Socrates and Plato, this city was a sociopolitical organization which allowed citizens to achieve their potential, serve the state, and live according to the absolute truths which govern our existence. Unfortunately, the ideal Kallipolis is just that: an ideal. It may be all well and good to construct an ideal city in the mind, but unfortunately this utopian system lacks a firm foundation in reality. Kallipolis is a utopia: an imagined society put forward by its author as better than any existing society, past or present.Specifically according to Plato, Kallipolis is not just a better city, but rather is the best city. This makes creating Kallipolis impossible because there was nothing to from the real-world to model it self after. This is what makes construction of a place like Kallipolis to hard to even pragmatically imagine. It is not that obscure for one to even assume that in actuality, Plato never meant for Kallipolis to be a reality, but rather to have it serve as a goal for other poleis or nation-states to model themselves after.Plato planned for the society described in his Republic to not just be a utopia, but to rather be the best utopia, making this ideal even more difficult to properly realize. If one were to look into his work, one would certainly see that Plato never advocates revolution or legislation to bring his Republic into existence. On the contrary, Plato knew that Kallipolis was an impossibility and that the Republic would only live on in the minds of those who read his works.His message was that if all individuals (be they king, peasant, or representative) were just, the ideal city would exist. Thus, people must strive on their own to better themselves if they ever wish to b ring about a better society overall. This is the beauty of Plato's theorem: it is impossible for this utopia to fail because this city is only actually meant to exist as the hypothetical dream of an aging philosopher. Because of this, Kallipolis was able to evade some of the stubborn realities existent on Earth.The purpose for this city is not necessarily to exist, but rather to be the ideal which the contemporary cities (such as Athens or Sparta) and the ruling bodies (the people or the aristocracy, respectively) may be judged. Instead of looking at other countries, cities, and nations which dwelled in the real world to compare one's city to, Plato thought it would be best if a city was compared to the ideal, Kallipolis. Even in modern times, Kallipolis is a suitable standard concerning how a society made of of many different factions can live harmoniously.Personally, it is my viewpoint that this city is just for a community, but unjust for the individual. For this, I would not wan t to live in a governing system such as this. It is reasonable to assume that Plato's city might not be so â€Å"ideal† in the 21st century world of digitalized information and civil liberties. Through a primitive eugenics program, avid informational censorship, and telling a â€Å"noble lie,† Kallipolis' people do not so much choose what they wish to accomplish as much as they are conditioned to perform what tasks must be done.The individual rights of the people are cast aside for the sake of the â€Å"greater good† in a very utilitarian system which contains a harsh pragmatism in its application. One needs to look no further than Nazi Germany, Socialist Russia, Fascist Italy, or Communist China to see the problems with this worldview and the mindset it supported. The end game for Plato's Republic is not so much to have citizens who ponder life's deeper meanings, but to rather have mindless drones performing the tasks they were instructed to do.Yet even with th ese numerous infractions against the core of humanity, the ruling body of Kallipolis is incredibly legitimate. The guardians (who are more than qualified for their positions) rule both effectively and efficiently for the sake of the nation-state. Overall, they provide the proper protection for their people and preserve their well being. The guardians attempt to honor the welfare and well-being of all citizens by promoting justice, striving for class harmony, and defending their people within the walls of their ideal polis.However, the flaw lies not in the people themselves, but rather in the system they were placed into. After all, such a sense of loyalty to homeland is desirable, but the system's cost to individuality and free will is simply too much. All Men have certain rights ordained to them at birth by nature (or whichsoever deity a people worships) which include a right to life, a right to liberty, and a right to property. Socrates' and Plato's Kallipolis strips away its citi zens' rights to such things, such as when it dictates an individual's lot from the beginning.First, a person's life will be channelled into one of three categories. Second, (and based on the category) that person will instructed only on what they will be doing the rest of their lives. Finally, he or she will share all personal possessions with others, losing a sense of identity one moment at a time. Kallipolis, with all of its peaceful and harmonious benefits, eliminates certain rights which were made self-evident long before Socrates or Plato ever lived. The elimination of those rights is unacceptable and ought not be tolerated.

God and chases ambition blindly Essay

   And afterward, he runs away from society in the attempt to rid himself of the monster. This shaky groundwork sets up traumatic loss to come, as Frankenstein does not realise that his family will not be there for him in the end, when he is lonely and in need of their company. Although he is successful in creating life, one of Frankenstein’s greatest flaws in his attempt to create a being, is that he does not even nurture it as a parent would for his own child. Frankenstein decides that he doesn’t like the monster after he has finished it. He rejects the monster, and in turn the monster rejects him. In the end, the monster reflects upon his own state of affairs: â€Å"my heart was fashioned to be susceptible of love and sympathy; and, when wrenched by misery to vice and hatred, it did not endure the violence of the change without torture, such as you cannot even imagine. † The monster has been treated as subhuman, as a â€Å"thing† that does not deserve love or affection. Frankenstein declares, in agony over his creation, â€Å"Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again endued with animation could not be so hideous as that wretch. † Frankenstein feels that he has created something completely revolting, and he rejects his own creation. He wants nothing to do with the monster, let alone receive honours for his creation. And after all Frankenstein does to achieve his goal, the monster becomes a curse to Frankenstein and his family. Out of Frankenstein’s originally â€Å"glorious† creation comes gruesome and disastrous results: the monster becomes so rebellious due to the fact that Frankenstein and all of society shuns him, that the he kills nearly all of Frankenstein’s family one by one. â€Å"I have murdered the lovely and the helpless; I have strangled the innocent as they slept and grasped to death his throat who never injured me or any other living thing. I have devoted my creator, the select specimen of all that is worthy of love and admiration among men, to misery. † Earlier in the novel, we are introduced to Walton, a sailor on a boat destined for the arctic seas. Walton has something in common with Victor Frankenstein: ambition to achieve something that no man has ever accomplished before. Walton wants to sail to the arctic because no sailor has ever reached it. However, the difference between Frankenstein and Walton is that Frankenstein achieves his goal, with terrible consequences. But unlike Frankenstein, Walton decides to turn back before reaching his desired destination. At the end of the novel the ship abandons the initial driving ambition to be the first to sail to the arctic. Walton decides to go with them, because that is the will of the entire ship and he decides to choose community instead of isolating himself for his own personal conquest. Walton realises, from Frankenstein’s mistakes, that sometimes it is better to make choices based on the common good of all involved, instead of blindly chasing a dream that excludes other human beings and disregards thought to the ultimate welfare of society. Ultimately even Frankenstein, on his deathbed, realises the truth of the consequences of his actions. He says, â€Å"Seek happiness in tranquillity, and avoid ambition, even if it be only the apparently innocent one of distinguishing yourself in science and discoveries. † To be at peace with one’s own mortality is essential to living a full and rich human life. Frankenstein’s mistake was that he wanted to be the first man to achieve something which no man had ever done before his time; to rise above human achievement, to rob the sacred act of creation and bypass this natural gift given to humanity by using scientific means. These actions all caused others to suffer and to ultimately die for Frankenstein’s own prestige. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein shows that dabbling with the work of God or nature is immoral and ethically corrupt. Trying to play God is not the responsibility of mortals. This novel also shows that a person who chases notoriety purely for his or her own personal gain may find the consequences of their actions to be truly devastating. In her protagonist Shelley explored in detail many of the implications of involvement in research, thereby providing the details which have been subsumed in the complex mythology of the inhuman scientist – the psychological effects of isolation and suppression of human affections, loss of the ability to appreciate natural beauty, the naive optimism that knowledge will inevitably be for the good of all, the fanatical desire to complete a project whatever the human cost. Frankenstein, the over-reacher Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

HUM 102 Week 1 Individual Assignment Humanities Today Paper Essay

When learning about people and their cultures, it becomes inevitably to recognize how people are the result of their traditions, their stories, their ideas, and their words. It also becomes necessarily to learn about how people from past generations created the world they lived in and how this world made them the way they were. Learning about humanities is more than studying about past cultures. Each generation leaves a creative legacy, the sum of its ideas and achievements. This legacy represents the response to the effort to ensure individual and collective survival, the need to establish ways of  living in harmony with others, and the desire to understand everyone’s place in the universe (Fiero, 2011). The study of Humanities is the study of the people and how they learn and documented their human experiences through art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature. Defining Humanities â€Å"The humanities are academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences† (University of South Florida, 2014). The primary definition of the singular form â€Å"humanity† refers to being â€Å"humane† that  means civilized and well-educated. Humane people recognize and practice concepts like â€Å"hospitality† and â€Å"justice†, even though its definition may vary in different places. The word â€Å"humanity† also refers to the â€Å"human race†. Using the word â€Å"humanities† it usually refers to the field of study within university settings, a group of subjects scholars study, discuss and debate including history, music, art, languages, philosophy, religion, and literature. (Behling, 2012) There are qualities that distinguish the humanities from other modes of human inquiry and expression. The humanities engage in critical evaluation of visual, literary, communication and performing arts. In other words, the humanities critically analyze the human experiences HUMANITIES TODAY 3 across cultures that engage all modes of understanding such as intellectual, imaginative, and emotional. The study of humanities goes beyond just practicing the arts. It is the intense analysis of the art and its outcomes as well as how the imagination, emotions, and uncertainty affect the human being. The humanities explore the relationship between the insubstantial and hidden meanings. It provides expression to all forms of human experience using all modes of understanding. The humanities capture the idea that is not just to study the arts but to engage with other modes of understanding including rational, intellectual, and critical mode as learned from social sciences. The humanities understand the role of individuals in exploring the human conditions. It reflects on the form and the content of all modes of expression including language, visual, auditory, or tactile. The study of humanities attends to the aspects of human experience that cannot be measured. For instance, when learning a new language. The humanities recognize the general patterns of literature, linguistic, visual and performing arts throughout history. It also constructs and evaluates oral and written discussions in a logical form. The Current Developments in Politics, Socioeconomics, and Technology The arts, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature, are some of the disciplines of the humanities. These disciplines offer models and methods for addressing dilemmas and acknowledging ambiguity. They can help individuals face the tension between their concerns; promote informed discussions of conflicts; and place current issues in historical perspective. These disciplines of humanity give voice and artistic shape to experience, balancing passion and rationality while exploring issues of morality and value. The study of humanities provides the HUMANITIES TODAY 4 scenario in which expressions, interpretations, and experiences can be recognized in areas explored by shared interests (The Ohio Humanities Council, 2015). The visual arts employ a wide variety of media, ranging from traditional colors used in painting, to wood, clay, marble, plastic and neon used in sculptures, to digital media, including photography and film. The form of the art work depends on the manner in which the artist manipulates the elements of color, line, texture, and space. Artists manipulate form to describe the visible world or to create worlds of fantasy. (Fiero, 2011) There is a strong relationship between the arts and politics. In response to current political events within society, the arts may adopt certain social dimensions focusing on the controversy and on inspiring social changes. For instance, Alexander Pushkin, (who died in 1837 at the age of 37), was a famous Russian writer who used his talent to irritate Russian officials by  composing extremely arrogant and independent material which made fun of major and minor dictators (Wikipedia, 2015). The Arts are a form of expression used to manifest all types of emotions – in earlier and current times. It is a talent inspired by the free spirit of those with the capacity to express it. The major elements of music are melody, rhythm, and harmony. However, while literary and visual texts are usually descriptive, music is almost nonrepresentational: it rarely has meaning beyond sound itself. Dance is the art form made by the human body as a way of expression and performance oriented. (Fiero, 2011) Information collected by the Department of Education of the United States revealed that students involved in band or orchestra during their middle and high school years demonstrated to have higher levels of math proficiency by grade twelve. This data also showed that students who participate in school band have the lowest levels of current and lifelong use of alcohol, tobacco, HUMANITIES TODAY 5 and illicit drugs when compared to other groups within society. (Music Empowers Foundation, 2015) The architecture and its planning are fundamentally based in society. The built  environment affects the everyday actions of the people and their understanding of cultural values, social relations, institutions, and distributions of power. The failure of architects and planners to learn from the stories that are part of the people’s lives and to actually link the community values in their work is at the core of many urban dysfunctions present in current times. (Bartholomew & Locher, 2007) In terms of philosophy, the search for the truth through reasoned analysis, and history make use of prose to analyze and communicate ideas and information. In terms of literature,  content and form are usually interrelated. The subject manner or form of a literary piece determines its genre. For instance, a long narrative poem that recounts the adventures of a hero constitutes an epic while a formal speech in praise of a person or thing constitutes a tribute. (Fiero, 2011) Conclusion The humanities today gives you the capacity to interpret ideas, a greater creativity, the ability to analyze things from different perspectives, the development of a richer understanding of other people’s feelings and experiences as well as human nature, the ability to listen and think,  and how to engage with expressing oneself. HUMANITIES TODAY 6 References Bartholomew, K. & Locher, M. , University of Utah (2007). People & Place: Humanities-based Pedagogy in Architecture and Planning. Retrieved from http://faculty. arch. utah. edu/bartholomew/Bartholomew_Locher. pdf Behling, D. , Huffington Post (2012). On Studying the Humanities: What Does it Mean to be Human? Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/david-behling/humanities- majors_b_1569600. html? Fiero, G. , (2011). The Humanistic Tradition, Book 3: The European Renaissance, The Reformation, and The Global Encounter. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Music Empowers Foundation (2015). Why Music? Retrieved from http://musicempowersfoundation. org/why-music The Ohio Humanities Council (2015). What Are The Humanities? Retrieved from http://www. units. miamioh. edu/technologyandhumanities/humanitiesdefinition. htm University of South Florida. College of Arts and Sciences (2014). What is Humanities? Retrieved from http://humanities. usf. edu/undergraduate/ba/ Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (2015). The Arts and Politics. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_arts_and_politics.

Monday, July 29, 2019

HRM and Organizational Turnaround at Selfridges & Co Coursework - 1

HRM and Organizational Turnaround at Selfridges & Co - Coursework Example This paper illustrates that the Selfridges Ð ¡ompany was originally a part of the ‘Sears Group’ and was described as the personification of another organization called Grace Brothers after acquiring of an old-fashioned, stuffy image in 1980 and 1990s. However, the organization failed to grow stronger because of the lack of logistics support, lack of knowledge about supply chain relationships, minimum use of technology and an extremely hierarchical and complicated organizational structure. The company underwent rapid transformation since 1990 when the new chief executive Vittorio Radice was born. With this, the original management team was replaced by a new senior management team. This management team was responsible for the creation and implementation of new HR practices and policies which will be discussed in the project. Special emphasis would be provided with regards to the management and leadership styles in Selfridges and the role played by the team leaders of the organization for making it successful. Selfridges was established in the Oxford Street on the 15th of March, 1909 with the focus on department stores and retailing institutions. The history of the company is unique because of the history and background of the company. It began as a small shop which was designed to become a departmental store. The organizational culture of the company was such where decisions were primarily taken by the management and leaders; however, they were designed to bring the maximum benefit to the employees. The company had the vision of emerging as the most exciting and best chain of departmental stores in Europe. This would be done by meeting the requirements and needs of customers through the delivery of the best quality of services and the development of the maximum operational efficiency. HR policies and procedures at Trafford Parks Recruitment At Trafford Park, the maximum responsibility, and authority were provided to the HR department. They even had the complete autonomy to create its own HR policies and procedures. The opening of the store was done with the recruitment of 650 numbers of staff and their training as well. Candidates were recruited on the basis of their knowledge about the company’s product and their abilities to create a relationship with their customers and building bonds with them by gaining their loyalty. Candidates with experience in retail were recruited. However, very few of the candidates were transferred from London. A critical analysis of the situation reveals that the recruitment procedure was not sound as many people were not able or willing to adapt to the new human resource procedures in the organization. It is important that the recruitment procedure is sound in order to ensure that the right kind of staff is selected who can contribute to the organization effectively.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

A New Deal for Blacks by Harvard Sitkoff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A New Deal for Blacks by Harvard Sitkoff - Essay Example However, Sitkoff notes that the New Deal did not entirely succeed in abolishing the killing of Blacks and did not improve upon their legal, social and economic standing. But the author holds that the New Deal played a major role in providing Blacks with immense influence in the federal government for addressing their apprehensions. It also included civil rights into the agenda of the Democratic Party. Moreover, the New Deal provided considerable hope to them as the federal government started paying attention to their cause, which was being entirely ignored for several decades (Sitkoff, 1978). Sitkoff is of the belief that although Blacks did not prosper much in America, they suffered the maximum during the Depression and were literally starving during the period prior to the New Deal. The whites had been holding marches to protest against allowing employment for Blacks until all whites were provided with jobs. Very few Blacks held public offices and they rarely had the opportunity to get college education. Sitkoff writes that the political advisors of President Roosevelt were always vetting his decisions so that no white from the South felt insulted. Although the outcomes could not be verified immediately, the initiatives taken by Roosevelt amounted to fighting against traditional practices and thoughts regarding racial inequality, which provided hope to African Americans that the federal government had started showing signs of caring for them. Sitkoff asserts that another factor leading to the fight against racial discrimination was the change in racial attitudes during the 1930s. The issue of race in politics was diluted whereby black votes began to be viewed as a means to maintain balance of power that gave political parties incentives if they won their support. Nazism had considerably reduced the historical influence of racism and the Communist Party played an important role in creating racial parity. A number of research activities were undertaken during t he period to show that dark skin did not imply inferiority. Such moral judgments fought against the historical philosophies that Blacks descended from Canaan, which had till then implied that they were obliged to serve. There was a shift in popular culture, which justified the change from historical to moral judgments. Popular plays and movies were produced during this time, such as Mulatto, Never No More, Kneel to the Rising Sun and Green Pastures, which combined with other examples to reveal that thoughts relative to race were now changing. Sitkoff has discussed a number of events occurring during this period that led to change. During President Roosevelt’s time, there was a historical transformation as the Supreme Court dealt with a large number of cases pertaining to racial equality and issues regarding unconstitutional rulings, jury selections and voting rights. Americans realized the duplicity of the Jim Crow laws that espoused racial equality but did not implement the laws. Segregation and lynching became important issues for politicians and inter-racial organizations such as the Urban League and NAACP that became very active during the 1930s. These developments created hope for African Americans in terms of civil rights, which is why the author argues that the large number of happenings during this time resulted in recreation of moral judgments towards Blacks. In his book, Sitkoff has

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Generation of electricity using Biomass in Nova scotia, Canada Term Paper

Generation of electricity using Biomass in Nova scotia, Canada - Term Paper Example People are deeply at odds over the proposal, for many support this idea when some others question the viability and sustainability of this project. Evidences suggest that today many countries are successfully generating electricity from biomass to resolve their electricity crises. Referring to the shortcomings of other major electricity generation techniques and the available resources of Nova Scotia, it can be argued that electricity generation from biomass will be a potential proposal for the region. This paper will discuss why Nova Scotia must generate electricity from biomass to meet its power needs and to make electricity cost affordable to its people. 2. Discussion 2:1. Potentiality of generating electricity from biomass â€Å"Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms† (Biomass Energy Centre). Biomass is a broader term that represents diverse fuels derived from agriculture and food wastes and timber. Sewage sludge and animal manure may also form biomass fuel whereas it is also derived from trees. Considering the regeneration capacity of trees, it seems that biomass fuels are renewable. In the context of rapidly deteriorating non-renewable energy resources, the biomass fuels have a vital role to play in the electricity generation. ... Currently, lumber or other wood wastes are burnt in most biomass power plants. According to Augustine and Bockenhauer, in direct combustion power plants, biomass fuel is burnt direct in boilers which in turn provide steam for steam-electric generators. Under the biomass gasification process, biomass is initially converted into methane which is capable of fuelling steam generators, fuel cells, and combustion turbines. The major benefit of biomass gasification over direct combustion is that â€Å"extracted gasses can be used in a variety of power plant configurations† (Power Scorecard). The major argument against biomass fuelled power plants is that they cause air emissions. Although this argument is valid and has many environmental reasons to justify, it is not sufficient to abandon the concept of biomass fuelled electricity. Air emissions can be reduced by carefully choosing fuel and technology. There is a common perception that electricity generated using renewable technologi es is more expensive than the electricity generated from fossil fuels. Although it may be true in the case of wind energy and solar energy, electricity generation using biomass is cost-effective. In addition, this technique is considered to be greenhouse neutral. This feature is really advantageous in the context of current global warming and climate change issues. According to the findings of US Energy Information Administration, biomass fuelled power plants assist the agriculture industry to solve waste disposal problems. In terms of availability, biomass is better than other renewable technologies such as solar energy. Since biomass is easy to convert into high energy portable fuel forms like gas or alcohol, electricity can be easily generated from biomass without the application of

Friday, July 26, 2019

Critically discuss the view that the Cournot, Bertrand and Stackelberg Essay

Critically discuss the view that the Cournot, Bertrand and Stackelberg models of oligopoly are fundamentally flawed and are unable to explain recent events in the markets and industries - Essay Example It is a common practice for firms in an oligopoly market to collude in setting up prices with an intention of mitigating the risks that arises in the particular market. However, most of the alliances formed are outlawed in most countries given that they short-change customers because of the less competition that they have unlike in other markets such a perfect competition environment (Vives, 1999). Models developed by three scholars try to explain the concept of an oligopoly market. The Cournot, Bertrand and Stacklerg models are used to explain the theory of oligopoly. The Game theory is widely applied by three models to analyse the market critically under consideration (GineviÄ ius and Krivka, 2008). In a Cournot oligopoly, business entities compete on the basis of production levels. They determine the volume of products they are supposed to produce separately within a specified period. The main assumption made in a Cournot oligopoly is that the core business activity of a business entity is profit maximization. It assumes that the decision of determining the volume level is independent. Furthermore, it is assumed that all players in the market are aware of the cost function and the number of players that exist in the market. However, the cost function may vary from one organization to another (Giocoli, 2003). Some of the implication of the assumptions made in Cournot model is that the production level in the market is likely to be less compared to that of other markets such as the perfect competition market (Kopel and Là ¶ffler, 2008). Additionally, the prices in a Cournot oligopoly are lower compared to those of other markets. Conversely, given the nature of the market, formation of firms are likely to form cartels. Consequently, the model can be transformed to become similar to that of a monopoly market (Day et al., 2002). Cournot models assume firms

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Marine Liability Insurance and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marine Liability Insurance and Law - Essay Example On the other hand, oil is leaking from the bunker tank of MV Othership, but it is proceeding to Singapore under own power. The collision occurred at 0613 Hrs, local time, when visibility was good and there was a wind variable force of 2. This may imply that one of the ship’s navigation equipment might have been faulty. From the records, both ships, MV Puffin and MV Othership have Hull and Machinery insurance, under standard Institute Clauses-Hull terms. It is also probable that these vessels do not have Liability Insurance and Protection and Indemnity (P&I) insurance. Hull and machinery insurance covers the ship itself, the equipment on board, including propulsion and auxiliary machinery, cargo handling and navigation equipment (NEPIA, 2013). It also provides cover for the ship’s contribution to general average and salvage and part of the liability for damage to another ship in collision. On the other hand, Protection and Indemnity (P& I) insurance covers third party li abilities (NEPIA, 2013). The situation requires that the owners of the entered ships should take necessary steps to mitigate the hazards and prevent further losses from occurring. For instance, damage of MV Puffin’s bow and MV Othership’s bunker tank and hull amidships may pose great risks, if mitigation steps are not taken. Secondly, two MV Puffin crew members have been slightly injured while three crew members of MV Othership have been injured. Also, second-hand cars and trucks in forward spaces of MV Puffin have been damaged while pallets of canned foods in number 3’ tween deck of MV Othership have been damaged. This means that each of the two vessels has caused injury to people, and damage to property involving third parties. Therefore, there is third party liability involved in this situation. b) Initial Advice to the Owner of the Entered Ships MV Puffin in Relation to ensuring that Safety Obligations have been carried out The owner of the entered ships, MV Puffin has to take necessary steps to ensure that safety obligations have been carried out. The fact that crew members of the two vessels have been injured, and that MV Puffin’s bow has been damaged and that oil is leaking from the bunker tank of MV Othership, may imply that there are health and safety risks exist. The following advice and recommendations on how to ensure compliance with safety obligations may be helpful. First, the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, section one, requires that the ship operator should provide for safe practices in ship operation and safe working environment (NEPIA, 2013). Therefore, the ship operator should establish safeguards against all identified risks, after correctly identifying the risks associated with this situation. This can be done by observing loss prevention through good practices and procedures, which should be applied to prevent occurrence of incidents that may lead to further loss (NEPIA, 2013).The operators should a lso seek to minimise the severity of the consequences when incidents occur. Secondly, this accident and all associated hazardous situations should be reported to the company. The ISM Code, section 9, requires that all non-conformities, hazardous situations and accidents should be reported to the company (NEPIA, 2013). This collision involving MV Puffin and MV Othership should be analysed. The accident should also be investigations so as to improve safety and prevent pollution. This

Methedology in postgraduate education in UL Essay

Methedology in postgraduate education in UL - Essay Example ciples of accounting for postgraduates, human resource management, economics, business risk management and marketing (University of Limerick, Centre for Teaching and Learning, 2014). A student applying for any of these courses undergoes regular application process which involves online registration and submission of required details as prescribed by the university regulatory board. The learning process once admitted into the university comes in two folds. A postgraduate may apply for online learning described as O’Del (Open, Distance and Electronic Learning). In this platform, a student obtains all the course requirements and lectures online but merge at the end of the semester to fulfill the course requirement by taking final exams (Ebel, Mohr & Commission of the European Communities 2009, p. 77). On the other end, one may decide to leverage on the side of full time learning process, attending to lecture physically, submitting assignments one on one and not electronically or online. However, at the end of the learning period, the students merge for a common exams and evaluation based of syllabus coverage. Other than the theories taught in class, postgraduate students will undertake a two weeks training even study trip or business simulation program every semester. This is meant to enhance the student’s knowledge on writing dissertations which will eventually see them graduate from UL. The university operates of full time calendar with short interval holidays between the terms calendars. Each semester runs for a period of three months with one month holiday until the completion of the degree

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

The Ancient View of Blacks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ancient View of Blacks - Essay Example "The Greeks and Romans.in the first European accounts of the physical characteristics of certain African peoples, frequently used a color-term - Aithiops, Aethiops, Ethiopian- literally a burnt-faced person - as a designation for the blackest and most wooly-haired people known to them. But it is not generally known that Ethiopian carried no stigma of inferiority" (Bowser 1995 pg 3). If the way that dark skinned people were depicted in the artwork and writings of those times is 'no stigma of inferiority' then it would be reasonable to assume that these people were treated as equals, and dissimilar to the disdain with which some dark-skinned individuals, and their communities are treated in today's modern world. That slavery was a common practice during the Greek and Roman eras is readily accepted as fact by most experts. Evidence that slavery was common and accepted can be found in writings from many philosophers of that era including Aristotle. "Aristotle's doctrine of natural slavery was a refined version of such reputable, practical wisdom on slavery through it we are gaining access to something approaching the standard view of the supposedly rational Greek slave-holder on the nature and justification of slavery." (Cartledge 1993 pg 122). Because Aristotle was justifying the ancient Greek's use of slavery, we can assume that slavery was important enough to them that they felt they had to justify it. In modern terms, or scenarios, when mentioning slavery an immediate thought comes to mind concerning the Black race, probably because the last time there was prevalent slavery it was due to that race being enslaved. That was not necessarily true in ancient Greek and Rome, especially with the Greeks, because (some believe) that would mean that they were enslaving themselves or their relatives.Bernal says, "Plutarch admitted Greece's deep cultural debts to Egypt, he took it as axiomatic, for instance, that Greek religion came from Egypt." (Bernal 2001 pg 3). If, as Plutarch admitted, Greek religion came from Egypt, would that not mean that Egyptians also came and settled what was to become Greece It would seem likely, and if that held true, and again we refer back to Bernal and his assertion that Egyptians were from the Bla ck race, that would mean that the Greeks were descendants of Negroid descedants. At the very least experts believe that the Egyptians intermixed with the Kushites (who were black). "The history of Kushite-Egyptian contacts was in large part the story of Egypt's efforts to exploit the human and natural resources of Kush, and of Kush's response to the commercial and imperial ambitions of its northern neighbors" (Snowden 1983 pg 21). Snowden states that Pepynakht (a noble from Elephantine) reported that he had been commissioned to pacify the countries to the south (Kush) and that he did so. An inscription from Pepynakht's tomb informs us that "he had slain many leaders, and that he had returned with prisoners.how many.were Negroid is not known, but Negroeswere among captives taken in the southern campaigns of Pepy I and II." (Snowden 1983 pg

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Learning and teaching assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Learning and teaching assessment - Essay Example It is obvious that for such a sensitive procedure, my students have the basics of clinical studies covered. The most common way of classifying students is to use the visual, auditory and kinesthetic way, otherwise known as the VAK model (Utley, 2010). This model establishes a learner’s preferred mode for learning and processing new information. The VAK model was introduced in the 1920s by the likes of Keller, Orthon, Fernald, Stillman, Gillingham and Montessori (Dreeben-Irimia, 2010). In addition to the VAK model Gaberson and Oermann (2010) add more tools to expand the teaching strategies by including olfactory and emotionally experimental methods that help children who don’t benefit a great deal from didactic methods, learn. Although there are three main categories for students (refer to the VAK model) however, within the visual class Ryan at al. (2011) further divide the class into two subclasses; the ‘verbal visual’ and the ‘spatial visual’. The verbal visual students are those that best learn when the information is ‘written down’. The spatial visual students prefer solely the marvel of the visual; graphs, charts, diagrams etc. Such learners are generally good with faces and have good sense of direction (Hill & Howlett, 2012). Auditory students perform really well in brainstorming sessions. It is almost a ideal way to absorb, process and take part in the creative process (Spencer & Vavra, 2009). These learners can be taught better when the same idea is rephrased in several different ways (Lauwers & Swisher, 2010). The whole idea behind using the VAK model is not to isolate students based on their preferred teaching styles. It is a mere recognition that some students prefer one method over another while learning. In real practice, the VAK model is more popular with the more vulnerable exceptional learners (Zhang et al., 2012). The teacher can affirm if a student prefers

Monday, July 22, 2019

The Farmers Almanac Essay Example for Free

The Farmers Almanac Essay Since the earliest memories in my grandparent’s farm in rural West Virginia, I have had a fascination for nature and our place in it. I remember with crystal clarity, the trip to the barn with my grandmother. She picked out a chicken, marched behind the barn and unceremoniously, without a warning, chopped off its head right before my eyes. As I screamed in terror watching the creature run headless and bleeding, my grandmother simply asked me to â€Å"hush and get some potatoes out of the basket from inside the barn. † As I moved toward the doorway, the chicken appeared to be running after me until it suddenly dropped dead in its last convulsion. That day on my grandparent’s farm was the first event of awareness I had of the harsh realities of life. I was three years old and inquisitive about everything on the farm. Although it was just a few miles from my own home, it felt as though one-stepped back in time when we visited, which we did frequently. With no running water, no indoor plumbing, no telephone and almost entire sustenance from the farm itself, it was a fantasyland. Although I had grown up in the 60’s and 70’s, it could have been the 30s due to our location in rural West Virginia. Life moved at a snail’s pace there. We were in greater touch with nature and the affinity with the earth was innate. Life was about learning to survive in a natural way. We never discussed politics, literature or history, at least not in a global sense. In my life, I have seen my father read just a single book The Farmers Almanac. As I was developing my own interest in literature, I recall asking him why The Almanac was the only book he read, and his response was simple and to the point, which was always his style. â€Å"Everything you need to know about everything important is in this book Kelly Lea†, he exclaimed with a gentle urgency. This has been a constant in my relationship with my father. â€Å"You think too much, it’s not that complicated. † Certainly, as I watch my children, I find myself thinking the same. I have learnt to utilize my hands and gain a sense of accomplishment from manual labor, from my father. Summers were spent building tree houses and working in the garden. Although I preferred working outdoors, my mother felt it was imperative that I learn to cook and develop my skills in home economics. My childhood could be taken right out of a Norman Rockwell painting. We actually had a swimming hole and caught lightning bugs in a Kerr canning jar with holes punched through the top with a nail. Impromptu kickball games in the parking lot of the local lumberyard were infamous for heated debates followed by slow walks home along the railroad tracks for supper. Some of the enlightening lessons of life I learnt as a child were from my father. There were several years on and off when we suffered financial hardship. It was during one of those years that our county had record rains and flooding. We had little money to spend for unavoidable home improvements to secure us from the elements. My parents were worried about the integrity of our roof. In the neighborhood, some homes were being constructed on property that had belonged to my grandparents. As they grew older, the taxes had absentmindedly not been paid. It was auctioned off for a bargain price without prior notification, while my father was gathering the funds to pay off the debt. The workers had hastily left the building supplies outside, covered by a mere sheet of construction plastic. Several of my father’s acquaintances at work had â€Å"helped themselves† to the supplies and encouraged my father to do the same. Trying to even the score, his fellow factory workers felt the developer was only getting what was coming to him. One evening we drove by the site and my father parked the family truck and stared at the sight. My mother was frightened. She thought he was contemplating stealing from there. My father looked at her and said, â€Å"You know better, that’s not something I would do. I just wanted to see the land again before they chopped it up and got rid of our trees. † We got by without the supplies in a very leaky house but I remember feeling a sense of pride and comfort, with the knowledge that my father was a good and righteous man who would never compromise his values. Another defining moment transpired when I was a pre-teen. That incident has greatly affected my outlook on life, as I navigate my children through their natural world. I come from a family of hunters. All of the men as well as a few of the women, myself included, have had the experience of tracking wildlife on a blistery cold winter day. This is a ritual of passage for boys in particular. My brother had been hunting for several years and my father thought he had instilled in him a respect for the wildlife, the woods and his weapon. My brother was obsessed with hunting and shot a rabbit one day purely for the thrill of it. This was absolutely forbidden in our house. My father was a strong believer of living a needs-based life. He shot only what we would eat and this never included rabbits. After watching my brother skin the animal, my father boiled the carcass and forced my brother to consume every bite. To the best of my knowledge, my brother has never hunted for the sport of it, again. Whenever I hear a person protesting against hunting, I draw their attention to the ghastly practice of factory farming as opposed to hunting in the wilderness. My father’s philosophy of respect for nature as well as his intolerance of nature-abuse has remained a corner stone in my own life and hopefully, that of my children as well. Our neighbors were from Greece and Italy as well as Eastern Europe. They had come to work in the mines and factories as young men and women. My friends were often embarrassed by their cultural differences as compared to Americanized families. As a child I would listen to their grandparents speak their native tongue and delight in their sustained holiday traditions. I imagined what these distant countries would be like as I leafed through the family atlas that my mother had purchased at the grocery store with her philately books. As a young teen, I had begun asking questions regarding my family. An aunt and uncle had raised my mother and her siblings after they were abandoned by their father following their mother’s death. My mother has never recovered from the desertion. My father was raised by his violent, abusive, alcoholic parent. My victimized mother has never had a taste of alcohol out of fear of the addiction that claimed an older brother’s life. My parents were teenagers when they had met. After a brief period of courtship, they had married. They had vowed to become each other’s family and committed to not letting the ghosts of their past haunt their future. Unfortunately, this is not something one can absolutely control. My mother has suffered from depression for years, yet she refuses to seek help. She has spent so much of her life reflecting on her past. Both my parents had stopped growing as individuals when they found one another. Their knowledge is limited to what is necessary to sustain them as they have for decades. Fortunately, I knew my grandparents as different people and I adored my now sober, ‘Born Again’ Christian grandfather. I â€Å"grew up† in the church, with him by my side. Mine was an idyllic childhood, completely ignorant of the fact that we were poor. I had everything I wanted and was gifted with a vivid imagination, a true blessing for a child of limited means. It was not until high school that life changed. I have found in my many years of self-discovery, that at the age of 17 my life had taken a major turn. The fallout of which, I am still recovering from. I was smart, pretty and outgoing, the Trifecta for small town teenage girls. With a blue-collar worker father and a housewife mother, I suddenly realized this too would be my fate. My college counselor told me that I really didn’t need to go to college; cute girls usually wasted their time in higher education because we normally just got married. It was at this time that I began an intimate relationship with a teacher and coach in my high school. After several months, it ended and I was sent into a downward spin that, I believe, had drastically changed my life. I now understood my mother’s abandonment issues. I nearly failed out of school, unable to cope with the pressure. I realize now that I was suffering from major depression for years without any sort of treatment. I spent my twenties trying to duplicate my relationship. I had outgrown my parents by now and felt the only way to continue living was to stop trying to duplicate what I envisioned to be my life story and start another one. I moved to Europe after being spotted by a modeling scout and started a career in the most glamorous and destructive environment a young woman could be exposed to in the 1980’s. Finally, I stopped thinking about my lover of five years past. Determined to change my attitude, I delved into the glamorous world of travel and adventure. I seldom stayed anywhere longer than a few months. My calendar was booked with exciting trips to some of the worlds most exotic and intoxicating locations. However, my world came to a crashing halt when I was brutally attacked on a first date by a man I had just met in Italy. My experience of the world had not prepared me for such an assault to my psyche. The physical wounds were quick to heal but I became fearful and uncomfortable in a world that I had previously relished. I now know that I had become clinically depressed following the attack. Although I continued to work and travel, my focus had changed. I wanted a family, my own family, very badly. Perhaps it is because I had been â€Å"groomed† and expected to follow that path for my entire life or perhaps I was trying to find love that would heal my wounds of abandonment and assault. Whatever may be the case, I met the man that would most influence my life, in 1987. A year later, we got married. Sometimes change is slow and passive, while at other times it is aggressive and shocking. My move to California and into the world of my new husband and his family was cold and judgmental. By then, I was expecting our first child. As previously mentioned, I was raised as a Protestant and although I had not attended services regularly, my faith was still very much a part of my identity. Soon I was expected to convert to Judaism, and raise our family in a culture which I had no experience or identification with. My husband’s domineering nature and narcissism alienated my old friends and soon we were socializing only with those of the Jewish faith and in a certain economic bracket. My previous life was eclectic, colorful and inclusive. As the years passed, I felt my authentic self diminish and take on the role of a Jewish doctor’s wife from Beverly Hills. My soul felt suffocated and isolated. I had all of the material wealth and yet, I felt deprived. I compared my husband to a middle schooler wanting to sit at the popular table and willing to compromise principles and values for any glimpse into the world of the Hollywood elite. The people we called friends were ruthless and shallow and I isolated myself more as the years passed. Occasionally, there was a bankruptcy or divorce and the vultures would descend on the poor soul that was unlucky enough to ________. My husband would ridicule me saying I only had children so I would have someone to play with. Children are honest and open and show unconditional love. Something I was starving for from my husband. Few things are more delicate than society. The West Los Angeles elite were accustomed to disposing off people like a previous year’s handbag and the choice was easy. To whom they shall be loyal depends directly on who they could most likely benefit from. My decision to finally divorce was excruciating because I was now the mother of three. I was really the only parent my children knew. My husband’s work and social calendar spared him little time to be a hands-on parent. My older son, 11 years old at the time, suffers from learning disabilities and raising him as his mother, teacher, and therapist, among other things, required my full attention. I knew the children would suffer as a consequence of what my husband considered a betrayal. The truth is that, for the first time in over 12 years, I was not betraying myself. The price I have paid is high. Due to a pre-nuptial agreement, I was nearly bankrupt after paying the attorney fees and have watched my children traverse from a life of wealth and privilege with their father to a modest lifestyle when with me in a shared custody arrangement. His, my ex-husband’s, vow to drive me to the streets had nearly materialized. A consistently litigious divorce had buried me underneath a wall of debt. Every person I knew through my husband has turned his/ her back on me, which has proved to be a gift. I have rekindled old relationships that have enriched and fortified me. Over the several years since my divorce, I have watched with pride and exuberance, as my children have met and conquered their own challenges. Divorce is ugly and very painful but I have forced myself and my children to not let it define their identity. I have gained tremendous perspective and wisdom as a result of my relationships and parenting three children, particularly my special-needs son. I have emotionally and physically returned to that place I loved as a child. To feed my curiosity of nature and travel, I spend my time diving, kayaking, traveling†¦ and discovering new adventures with my new husband who shares these same traits.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Fault location methods

Fault location methods Abstract This paper presents a comparative study between two fault location methods in distribution network with Distributed Generation (DG). Both methods are based on computing the impedance using fundamental voltage and current signals. The first method uses one-end information and the second uses both ends. A 30 kV three-phase line was studied in the presence of a 3 MW fixed speed wind turbine. Index Terms-Fault location, Distribution network, Distributed Generation, Fixed Speed Wind Turbineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Introduction Fault location problem in transmission networks has been studied deeply because of its importance in the power system and because its difficult to physically check long transmission lines [1]. Nowadays, the problem of fault location was extended to distribution network in order to identify the fault location as quickly as possible to improve the power quality and the system reliability. The application of classical techniques, presented in Section 2, is not easy due to the complexity of the distribution systems which are characterized by the non-homogeneity of line, the load uncertainty, the phase unbalanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [2] Fault location problem in the distribution network becomes more complicated with the presence of the Distributed Generation (DG). In fact, the DG resources, connected to the distribution system, which are in general, wind turbines and small hydro-electrical plants [3], contribute to the fault level of the network and their effect depends on their size, type and placement [4]. The infeed currents from the DGs cause errors in the estimation of the distance of the fault point since they can affect the amplitude, the direction and, indirectly, the duration of fault currents [3]. In this paper, we present two fault location methods which have been successfully applied to a real fault that occurred on a 225 kV transmission line in [5]. They will be, first, tested on a simple distribution line without DGs. Then, we consider a fixed speed wind turbine connected to the other side of the line. FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUES Fault location methods can be classified into different categories: Methods based on travelling waves in faulted line: in [6], authors present a travelling wave based fault location method, which was successfully applied on a transmission line, and extended to distribution line with DGs. The main advantages of this approach are its insensitivity to the contribution of the DGs during fault and the requirement of fault signal only from the substation end of the faulted line. Methods based on harmonics analysis: those methods are not frequently used since grid operators have the aim to reduce harmonics in the power system. Method based on computing the short circuit power, using the voltage and the currents, to determine the fault location [5]. Method using instantaneous voltage and current available at both ends of the line [5]. Methods based on determining the apparent impedance using the fundamental components of voltage and current: this method is the most widely used because of its simplicity and efficiency, and it does not require a big investment in equipment [1], [2]. Those methods can be divided into two groups: Methods using one-end information and Methods using both ends of the affected line. Fig. 1 shows a simple three-phase distribution line with a load connected via a transformer (30 kV/ 575 V). The basic approach used for determining the fault distance d is to calculate the impedance seen from substation (NL) during the fault. This paper presents two fault location techniques. Method using one-end information Where: Vk is the voltage of the faulted phase and Vf is the fault voltage. Vk and Vf depends on the fault type as given in table I. Method using both ends information The voltage and the current of the two ends line are related with this expression: Where: VLi, VRi, ILi, IRi are resp. the voltage and the current of the left and the right side of the phase i. VLj, VRj, ILj, IRj are resp. the voltage and the current of the left and the right side of the phase j. Zik,Zjk: elements of the impedance matrix of the line L: line length d: fault distance Simulation and results In order to show the effectiveness of the presented algorithms, the system presented in Fig. 1 is tested with the source, the line and the load parameters given in table II. Where: dest and dreal are respectively the estimated and the real fault distance, and L is the line length. Fig. 2 shows the estimated error for the simulated system of Fig. 1 for different fault resistance value to compare the two techniques described above. Fig. 3 shows the fault location results for different load power. It can be seen that as the load power increases, the estimation error also increases. For the first technique, the estimation error is less than 1.5% and can still be acceptable, but for the second technique, the estimation error can reach 30% for a 5 MW load. In fact, the accuracy of the algorithm, for variable load, depends on the short-circuit power of the source. Fig. 4 shows that the estimation error decreases if the ratio between the load power and the source short-circuit power decreases. In order to study the influence of the integration of the DGs into the distribution networks on the fault location accuracy, a three-phase line integrating a 3MW fixed speed wind turbine at the right side of the line is considered in Fig. 5. A 1MW local load has been connected to the WT. Fig. 6, 7 and 8 present the WT characteristics: the nominal wind speed is 9 m/s; the wind speed is imposed equal to 8 m/s that makes the WT generating 0.66 pu of its active power. The reactive power is generated by an 800 kVAR capacitors. The WT speed is fixed to 1 pu. A one-phase fault, during 600 ms, that occurs on the line with different fault resistance value and different load power, is used to evaluate the presented methods. Fig. 9 presents the estimated error for the simulated line with wind turbine. It can be seen that the error is higher than in the first case because of the participation of the WT to the fault current which is not delivered only by the source. Then, the source voltage increases and the impedance seen from the source will be higher than the impedance of the same fault on the line without WT. Comparing with the results presented for a line without DGs, we can see that the contribution of the WT in the fault current increases widely the estimation error of both methods, especially the second one that uses the recorded information from the source bus and the WT connection point. The effect of the uncertainty of the load is investigated by varying its value from 0 to 5 MW, for a fault located at 20 km from the source. Fig. 10 presents the accuracy of the described methods while varying the load. Unlike the result presented for the line without GDs, the estimated error decreases while increasing the load impedance. This result shows that conventional methods cant be well used for network with DGs. It is known that an increase in generation capacity, increases the fault current, then the participation of the DGs to the fault level will increase too. For that, we consider two wind turbine of 3MW each one, connected to a distribution network at the same connection point. The wind reference of the first WT is fixed to 8m/s, and for the second, it starts with a wind speed of 8m/s then it increases to 9m/s to simulate the two wind sources with different rate of penetration. Fig. 12 shows the characteristics of both WTs. Conclusion This paper presents two impedance based fault location methods tested on a distribution line with and without distributed generation. The two techniques present an interesting precision for fault location in distribution system that does not integrate GDs. But, with the existence of the WT connected to the grid, those methods are not applicable especially for a high fault resistance value or variable load impedance. Thus, integration of the DGs into the distribution network requires further study on the existing fault location techniques to adapt them with the DGs state when a fault occurs. References J. Mora, J. Melendez, M. Vinyoles, J. Sà ¡nchez, M. Castro, An Overview to Fault Location Methods in Distribution System Based on Single End Measures of Voltage and Current, Journal Name, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 1-10, Mar. 2000. Y.-J. Ahn, M.-S. Choi, S.-H. Kang and S.-J. Lee, An accurate fault location algorithm for double-circuit transmission systems, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting, vol. 3, 2000, pp. 1344-1349. TH. Boutsika, S. Papathanassiou, N. Drossos, Calculation of the Fault Level Contribution of Distributed Generation According To IEC Standard 60909, NTUA-Electric Power Division, Athens. V.R. Kanduri, Distributed Generation Impact on Fault Response of A Distrubution Network, Thesis of the Faculty of Mississippi State University, 2004. A. Abadlia,La Localisation des Dà ©fauts dans les Lignes Electriques, Thesis of the National School of Engineers of Tunis (ENIT), 2007. C.Y. Evrenosoglu, A. Abur, Fault Location in Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation, 15th PSCC, Liege, 22-26 August 2005, Session 10, Paper 5, p. 5.

Organisational Culture Analysis of BP

Organisational Culture Analysis of BP Title: What is the role of Organisational Culture in British Petroleum at Lancashire County? Contents: Literature Review Research Aims, Objectives and Limitations Research Methodology Research Methods Analysis Results Recommendations and Conclusions Introduction Organizational culture is the set of shared values, beliefs, and norms that influence the way employees think, feel, and behave in the workplace (Schein, 2011). The purpose of this dissertation is to explicate the impact of organizational culture in British Petroleum towards achieving the business objectives and capabilities of employees roles and subsequent role behaviours. I propose that four types of cultures (clan, entrepreneurial, market and hierarchy) exert different and at times competing pressures, thus, creating distinct role schemas regarding the range of expected employee behaviours, which in turn, guide distinct forms of employee role behaviour (e.g. helping, innovation, achievement and compliance). Literature Review Organizational culture has the potential to enhance organizational performance, employee job satisfaction, and the sense of certainty about problem solving (Kotter, 2012). Organizational culture has received ample attention both in the popular and scholarly press as an important factor predicting organizational effectiveness by inducing employees to behave effectively (Cooke Rousseau, 1988; Schein, 1985, 1990). Knowing the culture of an organization allows employees to understand both the organizations history and current methods of operation. Organizations can achieve effectiveness only when employees share values. For instance,Eliot Jaques provides the following description of the culture of a factory: The culture of the factory is its customary and traditional way of thinking and of doing things, which is shared to a greater or lesser extent by all its members, and which new members must learn, and at least partially acceptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Culture is part of the second nature of those who have been with the firm for a long time. (1951: 251). Organizational culture, through its norms, serves as a control mechanism to channel behaviours toward desired behaviors and away from undesired behaviours. This can also be accomplished by recruiting, selecting, and retaining employees whose values best fit the values of the organization. Aim The aim of the study was to present and discuss the preliminary culture model to indicate the culture performance within the British Petroleum and proposing a model for assessing organisational culture towards achieving business objectives. Objectives Approach of organisational culture allows access to the dynamics of the social system in all its complexity, and then it leads to the concept of corporate identity (Strategor, 1995. The main objectives of organisational cultural and capabilities to achieve the aim are, Analysing the present and future Business plan Staff employment and their internal relationship Knowledge sharing and Decision making Plans for business process and implementation Rational of the research An Organisations culture determines the organisations ability to complete projects successfully that can encourage a culture in their business that aligns with their objectives and makes employees more likely to succeed in reaching their objectives. Even though two businesses have similar structures, the impact of effectiveness can be different because of differences in their cultures. So the research about comparing the present model of organisational culture of the selected organisation with the competitors provides ample of knowledge and new understanding about employing staff, kind of work assignment, communication plans and their in-house relationship provides understanding which enhances the knowledge for assessing organisational culture towards achieving business objectives. Scope The scope of the study will contribute to the extant research on organizational learning, culture, and identification, the literature on these constructs remains mostly prepositional. There is a wide scope for continued quantitative and qualitative research on each one of the latent variables included in this study individually and  collectively. This research studies could be applied for the findings of research to multiple organisation at various geographic locations, in order to determine commonalities and differences across various business sectors and localities. Different combinations of culture and learning variables influence organizational identification at different levels like low, medium and high. Limitations Money and Time Costs: When the basic data are subjected to frequent changes, incorporating them into the Organisational research models is a costly affair. Moreover, a fairly good solution at present may be more desirable than a perfect solution available after sometime. Implementation: Implementation of decisions is a delicate task. It must take into account the complexities of human relations and behaviour internally. Research Methodology Data collection and analysis methodology is to be carried out throughout this research which should be chosen to match the particular evaluation in terms of its key evaluation questions (KEQs) and the resources available. Impact evaluations should make maximum use of existing data and then fill gaps with new data. Some common data collection methods include observations, interviews, focus groups, surveys, and the use of secondary data such as test scores. I have choose to carry out Qualitative data methods and analysis which is allows to find out the reasons. This may be beneficial to an organization in bringing out the required changes to create a culture that can facilitate better learning opportunities. The research will be both deductive and inductive in nature and will be anchored in grounded theory. Methodological problems predicted which may arise while carrying out this research are Voluntary participation, because in most cases, permission is needed from people before involving them in any primary research. Confidentiality and anonymity as participants may reveal embarrassing or potentially damaging information such as racist comments, unconventional behaviour and Researcher bias. I will be using both primary and secondary sources for this research such as primary sources like questionnaire, personal and group interviews and observations and secondary sources like internet, journals, articles, magazines and books. The validity of the proposed model will be tested by a few case studies. In order to measure current and expected organisational culture capabilities, it will adopt the maturity-level techniques which is being able to measure the organisational readiness (Galliers Sutherland, 2003; Salleh Alshawi, 2006). The gap between the current and expected levels could be identified which also is known as the Readiness Gap(Salleh Alshawi, 2006). TASK 1 part 2: Plan and procedures for the agreed research specification (AC1.5); Research objective By when Resources to be used (2.1) Milestones (when do you know this objective is achieved) Review dates (which is after the by when to ensure that you have actually achieve the objective ) How will you monitor this objective is being achieved? method of monitoring Analysing the present and future Business plan 21/12/16 Gathering information on good make better sense of your market research. 5/1/17 8/1/17 By constant evaluation after gathering the required resources Staff employment and their internal relationship 25/12/16 Online survey, questionnaires, Journals, 28/12/16 31/12/16 By gathering data in regular basis about the employee culture in the organisation Knowledge sharing and Decision making 5/1/17 Articles about franchise buyers, books and related web link 11/1/17 14/1/17 By getting answer to the questions How much knowledge does the average employee has in terms of decision making Plans for business process and implementation 7/1/17 The proper and effectively business plan and implementation 11/1/17 13/1/17 Employee works in a happy atmosphere and the productivity will more and growth of the company 2.1 Match resources efficiently to the research question or hypothesis I focused on the effects and implications of the conceptualisation and operationalization of organization culture and formulation of the research problem of a grounded theory study. The research formulation implications discussed above are the research design considerations that I reflect on analysing the present and future Business plan, internal relationship of staff, decision making, business process plan and implementation. I used methodology of direct survey questionnaire as a main instrument, observation ad interviews. Each of these methods were unique and useful in their own way. By the end of the research, the results from one method were more useful than from the other, and some of these methods did not even work 2.2 Undertake the proposed research investigation in accordance with the agreed specification and procedures Data Collection and Analysis I use observation, documentation review, surveying and questionnaire method of data collection which I believed effective and the research was conducted by means of a direct survey. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection which consists of 20 to 25 questions with a mixture of Likert-scale and closed-ended questions with one answer was developed. A five-point Likert scale was employed to gather responses, 5 indicating maximum agreement and 1 no agreement. The survey was sample-based. Non-random sampling was applied and advantages and disadvantages specific to this method of sampling were considered. A small group of those surveyed does not authorize to make generalizations, but allows the identification of the specific mechanisms and formulation of questions and conclusions. Tested on a larger sample, they will make it possible to formulate more documented and certain, useful theses on a larger scale. Analysis method I used here is predictive analytics and machine learning to anticipate important events and continuous tuning of analytic platform using feedback. Advantages I could see see directly what people is relying on rather than what they say they do. With Questionnaire method covered large geographical area. Capable of collecting data from a large number of respondents I found to ask numerous questions about a subject, giving extensive flexibility in data analysis With survey software, advanced statistical techniques can be utilized to analyze survey data to determine validity, reliability, and statistical significance, including the ability to analyze multiple variables A broad range of data was collected (e.g., attitudes, opinions, beliefs, values, behavior, factual). Disadvantages The challenges I faced in data collection methods are, its much time consuming, information is often incomplete, couldnt get a proper and careful feedback as the wordings biasing the responses. Also I felt couldnt get the full story and surveys are in need of sampling expert. 2.3 Record and collate relevant data where appropriate. I used questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interview schedules, gathering of observational data and analysis of documentary data method because of the limited number of senior staff, it may not be possible to conduct pilot semi-structured interviews with them, as this will preclude them from the final data collection. According to the model based on the basic underlying assumptions the description of the current culture was made. The questionnaire was used because of its advantages (little time required and low costs) and because the team wanted to get a general impression of the mood in the company as quickly as possible. The questionnaires were distributed personally by the heads of the departments, and a very good return ratio from approximately 40% was reached. In 2011 BP a 10-point plan had been put forward that outlined what could be expected from BP over the next three years. During 2012 work had been done towards the milestones that had set out for 2014. Their plans are refined and communicated further information on our longer-term strategic objectives beyond 2014(BP.com, 2012). Bp has been identified as an organization that adopts differentiation strategy over the years due to the proper utilization of the companys competences or capabilities. It has different brands such as BP, Ampm, Arco, Castrol, Aral and Wild bean cafe (www.bp.com), and also diversification into development and production of alternative sources of energy(BP.com, 2011). With the collected relevant data I found if BP wants a safety culture, it must implement massive changes throughout every aspect in their organization that are guided by that safety focus. More than re-structuring or changing incentives and rewards it must do more because, so many problems are due to a focus on profits over safety? Repeatedly, a focus on growth at the expense of safety or quality leads companies on a dangerous path that affects human lives. The causes are described as systemic issues. Examples include: Flaws in BPs management and design procedures Failures to appreciate risks Lack of communication and training about lessons learned from prior problems Government regulators lacking the authority, necessary resources and technical expertise Using time-saving and cost-saving measures When major quality or safety issues are exposed to the public, by either a disaster or a recall, the changes in the culture are often systemic-its not an isolated error but a change in values. The changes must start at the heart of the culture at its core, where employees stop for a moment to reflect on the values that are important and together create a shared view. If safety is whats valued over profits, then employees should not be over-worked, and faulty equipment and poor maintenance should not be allowed. Employees should be hired not only for competency but also because they personally value safety. It should be the role of each employee to enhance the safety culture. Administration of the questionnaire and analysis of questionnaire data are done to provide material for the interviews and interviews are conducted concurrently. Numerical data were analyzed, which was also enabled the responses from sub-groups of the organization which was separated for analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed using protocols of content analysis. TASK 3: Be able to evaluate the research outcomes 3.1 Use appropriate research evaluation techniques For the study conducted, there was a requirement of the resources which would assist to identify key constituents that have been undertaken for the purpose. In order to achieve this target, the focus of the study was on the various types of strategies of management that undertaken by British Petroleum. The British Petroleum operates worldwide and in diverse population. For example, the European market, people can be divided into various sub-cultures and consumer behavior is also different (Ford Jeffrey, 2009, 105). The outcome of the research shows the true analysis of BPs organisational plan, leadership, staff relationships and organizational decision making of sources of internal information collection and organising the duration of data project and sources of usage of collected data for business process implementation and development. The research finding has a valid and reliable data to achieve the aim and objectives of the research. Depending on factors like the goals of the data collection project, the organizations size, resources and time, data may be gathered about many sub-sets within a broader group of interest (e.g. youth service users who cannot read and who speak English as a second language). According to Dr. Mustafa Ozkan Karatay (2013) the benefits of the research conducted includes data collection about a group of interest that shares characteristics and the Leadership enhancements that are essential to avert comparable occurrences in BP which consist of: A solo overall project leader. Clear communications to every individual functioning on the project. Greater safety trainings linking past experiences and crisis analysis. 4.Hiring employees with the essential skills to complete tasks competently and securely It is also important to recognize that based on their unique combination of identities, people exposed to particular forms of discrimination. Bp has under gone major restructuring under the new management of the new CEO Robert Dudley, Dudley said that BP was to re-structure its upstream segment from a single business into three separate functional divisions; exploration, development and production, which would carryout a detailed review of how the group managed third-party contractors in order to reinforce accountability for risk management. The company is doing this because of the findings of an internal report; it stated that the breakdown in communication was one of the contributing factors to the BP disaster. 3.2 Interpret and analyse the results in terms of the original research specification. The following chart represents the BPs Organisational structure from the top level management from where different business models are distributed throughout the different geographical area in the globe. Organization Structure The political influences made a notable difference in BPs strategy which has been changed in general possible to observe two main tendencies. First, BP attempts to hedge political risks in the oil producing countries by means of partnership and deals with the governments. For instance, BP signed a contract with the Russian state-run oil company. It is reported that the company started producing solar panels after the acquisitions of Lucas Energy Systems (1980) and Amoco (1998)(Saud M. Al-Fattah, 2013). Furthermore, it is reported that BP invested more than $6 billion in wind and bio-fuel energy projects during the period from 2005 to 2010 (BP.com, 2011) BP also runs a series of development programmes notably known as Managing Essentials to help managers apply the leadership framework in their own teams. I t also runs three specialist development programmes designed to build excellence in the 3 important functional areas of operations, finance and human resources. The Operations Academy, set up in partnership with MIT, provides BPs senior managers with a systematic and rigorous approach to managing safe and efficient operations. The overall statistics of British Petroleums business and turnover is found below. Countries of operation :Over 80 Number of employees :85,900 Sales and other operating revenues :$375,765 million Cash flow :$20.5 billion Replacement cost profit :$11.4 billion Proved reserves :17,000 million barrels of oil equivalent Retail sites :20,700 Refineries (wholly or partly owned) :15 Refining throughputs :2,354 thousand barrels per day Detailed and structured questionnaire was designed where the survey was undergone with a sample of 50 employees in BP. The methodology developed was Primary and Secondary research. The questionnaire was designed to get information from staffs about their satisfaction and overall opinion about organizations and its structure. Some sample of the questionnaire is showcased below. Here most of them gave multi answers for questions. In what way are individual positions, units and so on clustered within your organization unit? a) By Function c) By product e) By place b) By target group d) By service f) By project The graph shows the way how individuals position is clustered within the organization. It shows like it depends mostly on the project individual involved with and the service given by them along with the target group. 2. Is the content of job changed for the employees during last two years? a) Work autonomy c) Co-operation with management b) Specialization d) Multi-tasking e)Weight upon technical qualifications According to the answers of staffs the above graph shows that the content of the job has been changed in past two years with the cooperation with management and also for the individuals who do multi tasking. 3. Does your company use any of the following ways of organizing work? a) Quality circles / groups   b) Delegation of responsibility c)Planned job rotation d) As per resource availability e) Integration of functions f)Specialization g) Incentives based upon quality of results It shows that the company is preferably using the quality circles as more than 50% answered such for organizing the work and 40% said that the incentives are based upon the quality of results they obtain. 4. How the Knowledge management has been benefiting your company Contemporary technologies processes b) Efficient management of information c) Increasing customer satisfaction d) Fosters innovation e) Increasing productivity It clearly shows with the above graph that the most of them answered(80%) as the company use knowledge management which increases the customer satisfaction and 60% answered as efficient management of information. Upto 40% answered that contemporary technologies and processes and increase in productivity. 5. How much freedom of action has, in your opinion, an executive within the organization to vary his leadership with regard to directing and collaboration? a)None c)Complete e)Much b)Little d)Not much For the question arised about the freedom of action for an executive within organization to vary his leadership most(80%)of them answered as complete freedom has been given and very less percentage(5%) said as no. So it shows a positive sign for employees to execute their ideas and work in a hassle free environment. 6. People here try to make friends and to keep their relationships strong. Low Medium High LOW MEDIUM HIGH 2 3 45 4% 6% 90% The above graph shows that 90% of the people say, they make friends and to keep their relationships strong. 7. People here do favours for others because they like one anther Low Medium High Low Medium High 4 4 42 8% 8% 84% The above graph shows that 84% of the people say, they do favours for others because they like one anther. 8. People in our group often socialize outside the office Low Medium High Low Medium High 8 3 39 16% 6% 78% The above graph shows that 78% of the people say, they often socialize outside the office 9. When people leave your group, stay in touch one another Low Medium High Low Medium High 7 6 37 14% 12% 74% The above graph shows that 74% of the people say, they stay in touch one another when they leave their group. 10. People here often confide in one another about personal matters Low Medium High Low Medium High 1 3 46 2% 6% 92% 3.3 Make recommendations and justify areas for further consideration. BP Companys project, is a significant step toward the growth of the company, but the Chief Executive officer should ensure that the established Centralized Developments organization enhance the integrity in the project implementation process. While considering their present, future business plan and implementations they should establish a body of expertise in greenhouse gases in order to reduce emissions that may hinder the attainment of the project goal. The other recommendation I am keen to insist is that BP should invest much on renewable energy sources like wind power, solar panel and bio-fuels which is because they present little or fewer risks on people health and environment. There is also a need for the BP Company to consider reorganize its 4 Ps of marketing viz. product, price, promotion and placement so as to secure a competitive advantage over the other six competitors in the industry. BPs weaknesses led it to engage in excessive cost-cutting and to take disproportionate risks with respect to the environment, worker safety, national security and its own profitability. I analysed also about BPs problematic ethics which despite being hailed by the financial media for its corporate citizenship, its rhetoric and deeds about social and environmental responsibility were diametrically opposed. Furthermore I recommend that the company should increase expenditures on infrastructure maintenance and employee safety. It should also conduct employee training. It is recommended that BP should use the diversification strategy as a future strategic option in order to continue responding to the environmental challenges. The company should diversify its product range associated with the production of solar and wind energy for individual and corporate customers. It is expected that these products will be popular in the emerging markets such as India and China where incomes are not high, but

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Racism in Song of Solomon, Push and Life of Olaudah Equiano Essay

Expressing Racism in Song of Solomon, Push and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   African-Americans often are discriminated against, suffer from a barrage of racial remarks, and even endure racially based acts of violence. Unfortunately, this crime against humanity goes both ways. Those being oppressed may retaliate as a matter of self-defense, sometimes becoming that which they despise most. In many cases the Black man is forced into developing racist mores against the White man due to past history and to the fact that Whites discriminate against them. The victim of oppression can become the oppressor and, in fact, this 'reverse racism' may easily develop into a feeling of superiority for Black people. Although both parties, Black and White racists, suffer from the belief that their own race is the superior one, it could be said that the Black community is oftentimes more justified in their beliefs. Black writer, Sapphire is quoted as saying "One of the myths we've been taught, is that oppression creates moral superiority. I'm here to tell you th at the more oppressed a person is, the more oppressive they will be" (Walker, Fall 2001). I believe it not only creates a more oppressive group of people, but a group that believes they are morally superior. This moral superiority is evident in the writings and the personal lives of Olaudah Equiano, Toni Morrison, Sapphire and Maya Angelou. These writers display a common point of view held among many African-Americans in their views of Africa versus America, morality among Whites versus morality among Blacks, and racial inferiority versus racial superiority.    African-Americans often form comparisons between Africa, the country they were forcibl... ...and the Middle Passage. Ed. Maria Diedrich, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Carl Pedersen. New York: Oxford UP, 1999: 47-56. Davis, Jane. The White Image in the Black Mind: A Study of African American Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. Equiano, Olaudah. "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano." The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Putnam, 1987: 1-182. Mandville, Sir John. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1983, p.64. Morrison, Toni_Guest. Personal Interview. Jet 31 August 1998. www.findarticles.com (10 Sept. 2001). Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Penguin Group, 1977. Sapphire_Guest. Personal Interview by Carletta Joy Walker. www.foodcoop.com (13 Sept. 2001). Sapphire. Push. New York: Random House, 1997.   

Friday, July 19, 2019

A Day at the Norton Simon Museum Essay -- Norton Simon Museum Painting

A Day at the Norton Simon Museum It was the day of April 13, 2000. I woke up at exactly 12 o’clock because my boyfriend was to pick me up at 1 like we planned the night before. The day looked quite nice, but I was in a fowl mood. I got into a car accident the night before and had a huge argument with my parents about the car. I finally dragged myself into the shower and got ready in half an hour. Then I went downstairs, sat on my couch, and repeatedly told myself the day would hopefully turn out better than last night. At around 1:15, my boyfriend came to pick me up. We took the 5 freeway to the 57 since it was the only way I knew how to get there. As we approached the 134 freeway, my girlfriend veered to the right, taking the 210 which was wrong way and got us lost. So, we exited the freeway and got back on the right track. Then finally, before long, we reached Norton Simon. As we reach the museum, the exterior was very beautiful. The first things I saw were the bronze statues in the front. We took a couple of pictures in front of them and in front of the Norton Simon. The entrance where the glass doors had sat was very unique and elegant. The glass walls that the glass doors were attached to, added to the elegance and beauty. When I had first walked in, I was very shy, timid, and unwilling to go on, this was due to the more mature audience that I had seen when I had first entered the museum. I was still unsure on how to act in a museum, being this my first time, so I was very calm, cool and reserved, but as time went on I saw college students my age probably doing the same thing I was doing. So I then I felt more at ease. Plus my girlfriend was with me so I was not alone. We walked and walked looking at each art piece, which were all well displayed. Then as I looked at the back wall, a large oil canvas painting looked right back at me. I could feel its pain and so then, I decided to do my paper on this piece. The painting was The Ragpicker by Manet. (The Ragpicker. Edouard Manet.1865.Oil on canvas.) The painting was so enormous that it was hard to miss. Such a huge painting for one man, it almost looked life-like. The dimensions of this work is 76.75† x 51.25†. This scene seems to take place of a lower-class man late in his age, probably near his seventies, appears to be looking out of the corner of his eye. The ... ...the eye because the fabric of his shirt and the roughness of his jeans appear to have texture but they do not. If you actually touch the painting, you will find it to be flat and it does not have that feeling of thick application of paint. The painting has realistic 3 dimensional space by the use of linear perspective and chiaroscuro. It also looks to be 2 dimensional as well, because it almost looks like some influence on the Japanese print, like flat patches of paint. The lines converge from the edges of the paint to the center letting off the effect of a background and a foreground. It looks as though the trash is in the foreground and the man is in the background. In the back of the painting, it is darker which also adds to the effect of the 3 dimensional space. My first experience at the museum was a good one. I had so much fun even after we were done with the Norton-Simon. Being a business major, I did not know that art could speak to me as it did. It has not influenced me so much as to change my major, but it did open my eyes to a whole new world. Now when I look at art, I do not just see a pretty picture, but what the artist is actually trying to say.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Gandhi’s Key Concepts of Passive Resistance, Non-violence, and Self-rul

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi- 2 October 1869 - 30 January 194 was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He is also known as Mahatma which means â€Å"The Great Soul†. He was committed to pacifism, that there should be no violence.(1) He had three concepts to follow in his life for independence of India: Satyagraha, Ahimsa and Swaraj. Gandhi introduced the concept of â€Å"Satyagraha† that means â€Å"passive resistance†. This passive resistance also means ‘soul force’ or ‘truth force’. The words satya means truth and Agraha means insistence, or holding firmly to (2). For Gandhi, Satyagraha is more likely a method which is the idea of practicing in non-violence. Gandhi says, â€Å"Truth (satya) implies love, and firmness (agraha) engenders and therefore serves as a synonym for force. I thus began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha, that is to say, the Force which is born of Truth and Love or non-violence.† (3) Gandhi devoted himself for Satyagraha in order to decolonize India from British without violence. In his book Home Rule he says,† Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering, it is the reverse of resistance by arms. When I refuse to do a thing that is repugnant to my conscience, I use soul-force† (5). He deployed this concept in Indian Independence Movement. For him, Satyagraha has three essentials meaning: â€Å"Satyagraha is a weapon of the strong; it admits of no violence under any circumstance whatsoever; and it ever insists upon truth† (6). Also, he presented some rules for this â€Å"soul-force† to the individuals of India as a campaign to follow and to reach the independency. For instance, these are the rules that he wanted his people to obey without viole... ...ed States and South Africa. Works Cited (1) http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_was_Mahatma_Gandhi#ixzz17wt8byMT (2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha (3) Satyagraha in South Africa, 1926 from Johnson, p. 73. (4) Gandhi, M.K. â€Å"Letter to Mr. ——† 25 January 1920 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 19, p. 350) (5) http://www.mkgandhi.org/swarajya/coverpage.htm (6) Gandhi, M.K. â€Å"Some Rules of Satyagraha† Young India (Navajivan) 23 February 1930 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 48, p. 340) (7) http://www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/ahimsa.htm (8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj (9) http://www.mkgandhi.org/swarajya/coverpage.htm (10) http://www.swaraj.org/whatisswaraj.htm (12) King, Jr., Martin Luther (1998). Carson, Clayborne. ed. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.. pp. 23–24 (13) http://www.sa-venues.com/nelson_mandela.htm